Brazilian Movement of Dam-Affected People

February 9, 2001

MAB reflects on WCD: one thing became clear to us that it is not only in our country, and not only in our continent that dams have been build against the interests of dam-affected populations.
THE BRAZILIAN MOVEMENT OF DAM-AFFECTED PEOPLE (MAB) AND THE WORLD COMMISSION ON DAMS (WCD)

In March, 1997 in Curitiba, representatives of more than 20 countries met in the First International Meeting of Dam-Affected People. The delegates emphasized the need for the formation of an independent commission to evaluate dams constructed to-date. One month later, the Brazilian Movement of Dam-Affected People (MAB) was invited by IUCN and the World Bank to participate in a meeting at Gland, where the proposal was formulated for what eventually turned out to be the World Commission on Dams (WCD), an independent commission with the participation of people of different sectors (movements, NGOs, governments, industries, multilateral institutions).

From the first steps taken by the Commission, MAB expressed its concern with the fragility of the presence of the Latin American experience, particularly in terms of those academic and non-governmental sectors who would be capable of enriching the Commission’s work with lessons learned by dam-affected people of the continent in their struggle for social, economic, political, and environmental rights. We also emphasized to the President of the Commission the importance of the ability of dam-affected people, particularly those who cannot understand English, in being able to accompany and to contribute to the work of the Commission.

These limitations were not overcome, and this has had serious costs. Equally problematic was the fact that one of the members of the WCD Secretariat, responsible for the Tucuruí case study and for the São Paulo Latin American Regional Consultation carried out her work in a manner which demonstrated her absolute commitment to support the interests and opinions of the government, multilateral agencies, and dam-building companies. Equally limiting was the fact that Professor José Goldemberg (the only Latin American member of the WCD) has taken no initiative to inform and engage civil society in the discussion process.

Despite these problems, MAB has made every effort to disseminate the work of the Commission and to increase its eventual impact. Within our possibilities, we took the debate to the Brazilian dam-affected people and worked to further involve NGOs and civil society. In an official meeting with representatives of the Mines and Energy Ministry, the Environment Ministry and the National Agency for Electrical Energy, MAB provided information about the work of the WCD and requested participation by the government in the WCD process. MAB achieved a hearing on large dams in the Commission in Defense of Consumers, the Environment, and Minorities of the Chamber of Deputies at which various testimonies denounced the ongoing problems caused by already-built dams as well as the authoritarian and technocratic nature of the 10-year Expansion Plan of the Energy Sector that has not been discussed with civil society nor with the National Congress.

MAB’s commitment to the WCD process was also evident at the São Paulo Latin American Public Consultation, through the significant presence of dam-affected people from different parts of the country, particularly members of MOAB – the Movement of People Threatened by Dams in the Ribeira Valley – due to their proximity to São Paulo. Despite the obstacles created by the meeting’s organizers impeding our entrance to the meeting hall, the physical presence of dam-affected people in the hall meant that the members of the Commission, and its consultants and technical assistants were able to be made more sensitive to the reality of dam-affected people — rather than their remaining mere numerical abstractions and budget figures, the dam-affected became flesh and blood, men and women, the old, young, and children, lives, complaints and hopes. MAB expected to see these lives, and these complaints and hopes contemplated in the WCD’s Final Report.

Throughout this process MAB was able to strengthen its ties of solidarity and cooperation with movements of dam-affected people from other countries as well as environmental and human rights NGOs committed to the struggle against the social and environmental destruction caused by large dams. Even though it was not always possible to bring the WCD debate to all the movements and communities which, in our country, are the raison d’étre of MAB, one thing became clear to us: that it is not only in our country, and not only in our continent that dams have been build against the interests of dam-affected populations.

Thus, our conviction became stronger that:

1. The struggle of dam-affected people around the world has played a fundamental role in raising public awareness of the serious problems caused by large dam projects, and has been the principal reason for the creation of the World Commission on Dams.

2. Dams do not achieve their promised objectives: they produce less energy than promised, supply less water and irrigate less land, and usually cost much more and take much longer to build. Furthermore, dams have not led to just or sustainable development, and instead have deepened misery and social and regional inequalities.

3. Environmental impact studies and reports have not been effective in predicting the consequences of dams because they tend to underestimate the negative effects of dams and exaggerate their potential benefits. The measures for mitigating and compensating for negative impacts have failed or have been insufficient.

4. Because of all these, dams are not a source of clean, non-polluting energy

5. There are viable alternatives with less social and environmental costs than large dams, for both production of energy and for the management of water. These alternatives can and should be studied and implemented.

6. The construction of dams serves the economic and political interests of dominant national and international groups, and of the dam and electrical industries, and this is the only reason they are promoted and built around the world.

Because of all these reasons, our conviction is equally stronger that MAB and other dam-affected people around the world are on the right path in trying to stop the construction of large dams and fight for the implementation of a new model of development, socially just and environmentally responsible.

In cases in which it’s not possible to stop the construction of dams, MAB will fight determinedly so that:

7. No new dam be constructed without adequate access to information and prior consent of dam-affected peoples, without a process of deliberative participation being assured in all stages of the project and the right to collective negotiation being guaranteed.

8. The rights of indigenous and traditional populations (including the people of quilombos) to self-determination be recognized, as well as their rights to preserve their cultural heritage and territorial integrity;

9. A moratorium be declared on the financing and construction of new dams in those countries where fair compensation and reparations for those affected by already-constructed dams are not provided.

10. Companies, private or public, involved in the construction and operation of dams, in cooperation with local and central governments, must be held fully responsible for the social and environmental costs involved, as well as for associated development programs to improve the well-being of affected populations and to reduce social and regional inequalities.

In light of these principles, MAB positively evaluates the fact that the WCD’s Final Report clearly indicates the failure of large dams in terms of promised objectives (be it energy production, water supply, irrigation or flood control), as well as confirms our denunciations about their unacceptable social and environmental impacts. However, we lament that the WCD has not had the audacity to go beyond the recognition of these problems, and has not taken the opportunity to identify and unmask the private interests, national and international, moving the dam industry around the world, particularly in the peripheral countries.

MAB positively evaluates that the WCD’s Final Report has pointed to the necessity of seriously developing studies on alternatives, with the participation of dam-affected populations. We lament, however, that in many sections, the Report adopts an ambiguous language that may suggest the necessity to continue with the construction of these huge projects that have cost so much – in financial, social and environmental terms – to the peripheral countries.

MAB receives with satisfaction that the WCD recommends to governments, companies and multilateral agencies that no dam should be constructed without the full informed “public acceptance” of all stakeholders.

Finally, MAB laments that the WCD, though stating as necessary the reparation for losses and damages caused by dams already built, has not recommended a moratorium on the construction of dams until already existing problems are solved and already inflicted damages are repaired.

For all the reasons mentioned above, MAB manifests its firm decision to continue to struggle for its historical demands, in particular for the reparation of losses caused by dams already built. We equally demand from the multilateral institutions, from the Federal Government (through its Mines and Energy Ministry, National Water Agency, National Agency for Electrical Energy, Environment Ministry and the Brazilian Institute for Environmental Protection), from the National Congress and from State Governments (through their environmental agencies) the institutionalization (legal, when applicable) and the practical adoption of the WCD’s recommendations and, above all, for the democratization of the decision making processes.

The era of large dams and its grievous social and environmental impacts has come to an end. The era of dams built against the will of dam-affected people has come to an end. Brazil needs to move forward to this era. No new dams should be built in Brazil without the “demonstrable public acceptance” of dam-affected people.

Water for Life, Not for Death !

São Paulo, February 9th, 2001.